Understanding Of Ancient Pompeian And Herculaneum Civilisations History Essay

Understanding Of Ancient Pompeian And Herculaneum Civilisations History Essay Pompeii and Herculaneum became Roman towns more than a century before the eruption and many aspects of Roman society were reflected through their social structure.  [1]  Society in Pompeii and Herculaneum was a mix of different social classes that was well-ordered and divided into three the upper class, middle class and lower class.  [2]  Buildings, frescoes, statues, graffiti and inscriptions revealed some names and faces of men and women from all levels of society. This essay will be discussing an upper class woman, Julia Felix an upper class man Marcus Nonius Balbus and prostitution. According to the Romans the social status of men and women was influenced by their wealth, their family background or their official positions.  [3]   Julia Felix was a very wealthy Roman woman. She inherited her money from her family and owned a villa that took up an entire block in Pompeii.  [4]   A house is a strong reflection of social status.  [5]  The features and size of the house of Julia Felix suggest that it belonged to a wealthy person. It was well furnished, decorated with paintings depicting scenes from the Forum and frescoes depicting scenes from everyday life and items enjoyed by the household.  [6]   Excavations revealed that after the 62AD earthquake the house was ruined. Julia then decided to rent out part of her house to help people from the shortage of accommodation. The house then consisted of apartments, shops, toilets, gardens, and bars. She also opened her private bath to the public. This supports that the household was wealthy, as in ancient Pompeian times not all houses featured baths as they were costly. An inscription has been found in the House that said: To let, in the estate of Julia, daughter of Spurius: elegant baths for respectable people, shops with upper rooms and apartmentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the lease will expire at the end of the five years.  [7]  This suggests that women could own property without the interference of any male meaning they were independent and can take charge of constructing buildings with their own money.  [8]  This inscription also reveals that Julia was involved in business activities. She was a main public figure that made her influential in Pompeii. However historians may never know the true extent of the independence of women.  [9]   When excavations took place many sections were uncovered they include, the triclinium, garden, and private bath. The triclinium in the house of Julia Felix was well decorated with frescoes depicting everyday life scenes. It consisted of marble beds with a fountain with a waterfall and three klinai, on which diners would sit to take their meals. Each couch had room for three diners who could lie down on cushions while they were served by slaves.  [10]   The private baths were complex. They consisted of a dressing room with cold tub, a warm and hot bath, a cloak room, an open pool as well as a waiting room where bathers could have a chat and purchase snacks from the tavern.  [11]  At first the bath was strictly used by the households but later it was used by the public if they paid.  [12]   The garden of the house was ample of space and water. It was divided into two parts, one part was a great viridarium decorated with statues, fountains, and marble columns whereas the other part was planted with trees and there was a fruit orchard divided by paths for walking.  [13]  And a small shrine to the Egyptian goddess, Isis was found in the garden.  [14]   Another archaeological source revealing information about the upper class is the marble statue of Marcus Nonius Balbus. Marcus was born in Nuceria, but lived in Herculaneum; he was the proconsul of Crete and Cyrene, a supporter of Octavian and the tribune of the lower class in 32BC.  [15]  He is also known as a supporter of the Vespasian in the Civil War in AD68-69.  [16]   Marcus was also an important political figure; as he was a good friend of Julius Caesar and helped in having the First Triumvirate, between Caesar, Crassus and Magnusin in 60 BC.  [17]   Inscriptions reveal that Marcus was a duumviri; he was elected ten times which indicates that he was active in the community.  [18]   The altar and statue were located near the suburban baths in Herculaneum, but unfortunately the statue was found in pieces, as the head was several meters away from the body. It is believed that the altar and statue were built in the early Augustan period, by the local senate of Herculaneum dedicated to Marcus.  [19]   Inscriptions found state: To Marcus Nonius Balbus, son of Marcus, praetor and proconsul, from the Herculaneans and Marcus Nonius Balbus, son of Marcus, proconsul, [built] the basilica, gates [and] wall with his own money.  [20]   These reveal that Marcus was named the patron of Herculaneum as the 62AD earthquake Herculaneum was ruined therefore; he donated money to the reconstruction and renewal of the city. A basilica, public baths were built along with walls surrounding Herculaneum.  [21]  Therefore, building inscriptions reveal that upper class men owned sufficient amount of money to improve qualities of the city and honour the person who built them. The altar and statue imply that upper class men were honoured and respected and had influential powers. When he passed away he was greatly honoured and this is shown through an inscription carved on the altar where his body was burnt and his ashes were collected.  [22]   Another aspect of social status in Pompeii and Herculaneum was prostitution. Prostitution was common in Pompeii. It was not illegal, as it was a normal business just like other businesses but prostitutes were considered low.  [23]  It is difficult to determine the status of the prostitutes but it was believed that they were slaves, freedwomen and foreigners many from Egypt and Syria.  [24]  Upper class women such as wives, and daughters were forbidden to practice prostitution. Prostitution was a normal part of the sexual life of any Roman man.  [25]  Many men visited brothels as well traders from other towns.  [26]  Twenty five brothels were identified by the Professor Thomas McGinn in Pompeii, whereas none were identified in Herculaneum; however it is assumed prostitution was also practiced there.  [27]   Professor Andrew Wallace-Hadrill excavating at Pompeii and Herculaneum used a criteria to identify the brothels: brothels were situated on a corner isolated from the main areas of social activity consisted of at least five rooms upstairs featuring stone beds large amount of graffiti and wall paintings Lupanar was one of the main brothels in Pompeii; it was situated two blocks east from the forum.  [28]  It was a two storey building consisting of ten stone beds with mattresses, each bed in a separate room, and a toilet under the stairs. The walls revealed the different sexual activities offered, the prostitutes names and the prices. The average price was six hundred sesterces.  [29]   Graffiti revealed the customers opinions on Lupanar and the prostitutes. One hundred and twenty graffiti were found. A graffiti states: Here I had sex with a very beautiful girl admired by many.  [30]   Prostitutes operated in different places and were differently paid depending on their social status. The poor prostitutes such as slaves did their business in archways while high class courtesans operated in better surroundings.  [31]   Prostitution was profitable, prostitutes were to register with the aediles and tax was introduced during the emperor Gaius period.  [32]   To conclude, the social status of men and women was influenced by their wealth, their family background or their official positions.  [33]  The survival of ancient buildings such as House of Julia Felix and Lupanar, and statue of Marcus Balbus, graffiti, frescoes and inscriptions greatly contributed to the understanding of the ancient society of Pompeii and Herculaneum, by revealing much information that gave historians and archeologists an insight of that ancient society.

Command Economy

Command Economy: Mountainous Politicians, countries and ideologies from all over the world have been torn for years between what they should follow and believe. Countries argue over which policies should be adopted been the economist's fundamental question. What would life be like if the country you lived in targeted equality- to live in a country where all people are equal, all are treated the same, and all are one? People desire to live in a place where social class is not an issue and money, food shortage, monthly bills, and shelter is nothing you have to worry about.The command economy provides survival, value in work, stability, equality and care and economic resources for all its members, young, sick, disabled, and the old. The command economy is much stable then the market economy. One reason command economy is more efficient than a market economy is because the command economy focuses on providing survival for its people. All residents are provided with the basic needs for su rvival such as housing, jobs, education, clothing, food etc. The government provides all the needs.There is no worry about bills, losing jobs, food shortage. In a market economy, you are not guaranteed all this, sure you are given well fare– but you are not guaranteed a job. What happens to those in need of a job? They aren’t given a job. In a market economy you are on your own. Karl Marx, a German philosopher, formed the command economy. In a market economy, you are constantly competing for survival. Whereas the command economy- you are guaranteed survival. The government provides all your basic needs.According to Marx, â€Å"Disadvantage of a pure market economy cannot provide security to those who, because of sickness or age, cannot be economically productive. † The bottom line is that the government of a market economy does not imply support to its residents. An older couple is not living under the government’s wing, but the insurance and money they h ave saved over the ages. The market economy has no interest for â€Å"providing public goods and services, such as national defense† says, Marx. Another reason the command economy is better than the market economy is because the command economy values what the workers produce.According to Marx, â€Å"The definition of value – its value is the amount of labor needed to produce and sustain labor power†¦ or it is the amount of labor needed to produce and sustain labor-power. † Command economies take pride into what the workers produce. A product can be worth nothing, but it is worth much more as opposed to how much the worker has worked to produce the product. The government is in charge of producing the number of goods making sure that no money is wasted, and if it is, it is done correctly. The command economy has been successful as far as funding money.The command economy is very stable and will never have sudden depressions or financial crisis. In the late 1800s the United States struggled with government ruling. For example, The United States had little control over the economy in the early 1900s which lead to one of America’s most devastating historic event, The Great Depression. The market economy tends to multiply the wealth of a nation much quicker due to evolution while the command economy plans the entire money making process, which has proved to be more beneficial.The command economy, as I mentioned earlier is in charge of its production and the demand of the consumer. For example, the government owns the companies in a command economy so moving production to a different area is no problem because the government is capable of doing it quickly as opposed to the market economy. In a market economy there are different owners and different regulations to each area. The value of the worker is always valued in a command economy. Equality is a very strong component to the command economy.The government tries to eliminate all p roperty and distribute its good equally. If done correctly no one is in poverty and no one is wealthier than the other. Marx explains, â€Å"The workers are selling to an abstract capacity to labor, and because of this, the capitalist is able to exploit them by only paying labor-power’s value. † This means that the worker is paid only by the work the worker has accomplished. For example, all residents are paid the same wage for the same amount of work that is done. The command economy also shares the same religion.This way government and the church are able to work together unlike the market economy where the government and the church are always on the different sides. The government also provides education for all of its residents. All of its people are educated at the same level. Equality is a strong component to the command economy. The care and economic resources are also a big deal to the command economy. No other economy provides such resource. The market economy does not provide full coverage after you are unable to work. You have to save money for retirement-that comes from your pocket.In a command economy you are guaranteed care and economic resources to sustain survival even if you are not currently working- the government will have you under its wing. The command economy is much more efficient then the market economy. Residents are worry-free when it comes to resources of survival. The government also takes pride into the workers work and eliminates social classes to create equality amongst the residents. It is a stable economy and provides care for its residents. The command economy is more efficient then the market economy. Command Economy Recently, over this summer there has been hundreds of children who have illegally entered the United States from Central and South America. They snuck here because a lot of their parents sent them here in search off much safer life with more opportunity ahead of them instead of being under a gruesome government control over in there home country.I believe they should be sent back to their country because, these kids could potentially be a liar and or a threat to our countries safety, and it is unconstitutional to make exceptions for anyone that doesn't bide by the law, especially if they're not a United States citizen, that entered the U. S illegally. Unfortunately, no matter how bad any kid could've had it in a South American country, we ultimately can not trust there word because nobody's word is just completely reliable, they could be lying and be someone completely different then what they're telling us whether they are a kid or not.Without undeniable proof that they really did c ome here to escape their country, then we have too assume they're lying in order to ensure the safety to our fellow American citizens. Furthermore, even If they have proof that they really did come to our country seeking help and opportunity, they still would have to go through the Immolation and citizenship gaining process Just like everyone else who has and wants to migrate too the United States to become a citizen.Therefore to sum It up, there may be many kids who want and need help that came here from their troubled country, but we as a country can not put ourselves In danger as a whole for people from somewhere else. America has their own problems to worry about and exceptions can not and should not be made for people who could be potential threats to our country.

No Ordinary Education Sex Therapist - 656 Words

Ever since I was little, i have had the career aspirations of any other child. From ballerina to firefighter, fashion designer to chef. At one point I wanted to be a veterinarian, but when I came to the realization that I dont particularly like animals that dream slowly faded and died. When I looked back upon my previous dreams I realized one common theme, Helping people. It was from then on that I knew who I wanted to be. It all started on a Sunday morning when I was fifteen. My mom was making a spinach quiche while watching a documentary on human trafficking. I was not paying very much attention to what was on screen, but to the new installment of romance novels by Noah Sparks. Just as the protagonist was meeting the love of his life for the first time something about that documentary caught my attention. The narrator of the documentary began to talk about therapy, but not your run of the mill therapy. He was talking about sexual therapy. Before this I had never even heard of this career or anything like it. As he talked about these previous slaves of human trafficking, he mentioned the emotional scars of that horrific situation. Not only will these women have to emotionally return to a normal life, but how can they sexually trust someone again after that. He introduced their expert sexual therapist who talked about sexual therapy and how it can help these women return to a state of mind where they can trust people again and enter into healthy relationships withoutShow MoreRelatedAnimal Assisted Therapy : The Beginning Of A New Approach1026 Words   |  5 Pagesto all kinds of nonhuman environments. This is at once his virtue and undoing. By removing himself from nature by being independent of nature, man also loses part of his psychological (and physical) strength†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1969, p.22). The well-known animal education or advocacy group called Delta Society, also known as Pet Partners, began their efforts to promote the use animal-assisted therapy techniques in 1989. The group developed a certification program that implemented competency in the use of animal-assistedRead MoreThe Importance Of Mutual Uniqueness And Social Diversity3314 Words   |  14 Pageshumanity the idea of mutual uniqueness and social diversity have developed together an essential and significant phases of people s everyday lives. In the situation of a therapist s part, where a equal gullible beneficial setting is helpful to the accomplishment of some results of therapy, it has become supreme for today s expert therapist to recognize and speak about these matters once arriving into any therapeutic association with clients. Through universal movement without trouble is open to severalRead MoreFinding The Underlying Conflict Sam1113 Words   |  5 Pagesbut in the inferior person† (Gallaghe r, Lecture 1/31/17). This thought process blames the individual for failure in a world that does not fully support their needs. In relation to I Am Sam, this notion implies that Sam is not able to obtain the education or work experience preferred because of his disability; not because society will not allow him the space to explore his abilities. In addition to the significance of the film’s titles, one must navigate the structure of character development inRead MoreUnderstand the Context of Supporting Individuals with Learning Disabilities4094 Words   |  17 PagesRelations (Amendment) Act 2000 * Convention on the Rights of the Child (UN, 1989) * The Human Rights Act 1998 * The Sex Discrimination Act 1975 (as amended) * Employment Equality Regulations 2003 2. The Disability Discrimination Act 2005 The Act prohibits discrimination against disabled people in a range of circumstances, covering employment and occupation, education, transport, and the provision of goods, facilities, services, premises and the exercise of public functions. Only thoseRead MoreCompensated Dating1854 Words   |  8 Pagesthat those who respond often want to do more than just go out on an innocent date. This emphasizes the need for both internet education and sex education. The Federation is deeply concerned and has projects coming up to help girls who might be at risk of such exploitation. *Survey conducted May 2009 by Hong Kong Association of Sexuality Educators, Researchers and Therapists. Sample: 2,966 F1-F4 amp; F6 students, reported South China Morning Post 28 June 2009 | More girls lured into `compensatedRead MoreSocially Acceptable : Sexually Explicit Material2283 Words   |  10 Pages Alexandria Merriman Judy Hatcher WRIT 3307 22 October 2014 Socially Acceptable: Sexually Explicit Material in America In today’s culture, sex is worshipped. From the television shows we watch to the billboards we pass on the freeway, sexually explicit material permeates itself into our world whether it is conscious or not. Research shows that this type of material has the greatest effect on women, children, and marriages. Women and children are the most obvious choice among those assuming theRead MoreA Description of Analytic Psychology Essay4799 Words   |  20 PagesPhallic Stage of Psychosexual Development (3 1/2 years - 6 years) - At this stage, the penis or vagina is the source of erotic satisfaction for the child, and he or she fantasizes about getting pelvic pleasure with the opposite sex parent and aggressively doing away with the same sex parent (the Oedipal Crisis). Latency Stage of Psychosexual Development (6 years - puberty) - At this stage, the emotional surges of the previous three stages go into hiding for a few years as the child learns how to repressRead MoreAbnormal Psycho logy Terms9960 Words   |  40 Pagesschizoid personality disorder to me. the therapist being quoted is using what instrument to make the diagnosis theres nothing out there for me. i cant stand other people, and i cant stand myself, either. I am just really mad right now. such a statement would most likely be made by someone with which personality disorder what is over there? asks the child, pointing to a distant object, Does it belong to you? the child asks the therapist. the therapist answers the child in detail, and praisesRead MoreThe Theories Of Psychology And Behaviorism2081 Words   |  9 Pages When one hears the word psychology, a therapist on a couch asking patients to talk out their problems usually come to mind. In fact, the field is much more important and relevant in our everyday lives than one may think. Cambridge’s Dictionaries Online website defines it as â€Å"the scientific study of the way the human mind works and how it influences behavior, or the infl uence of a particular person’s character on their behavior† (2015). How we act and react, what we think and say, and why we do whatRead MoreTreatment of Cbt Did7718 Words   |  31 PagesNetherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Puerto Rico, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Spain, Turkey, and the United States (International Society for Study of Dissociation, 2005). The main difficulties in diagnosing DID 74 S. Pais result from lack of education among clinicians about dissociation, dissociative disorders, and the effects of psychological trauma. Accurate clinical diagnosis affords early and appropriate treatment for dissociative disorders (International Society for the Study of Dissociation

Being A Tough Climb By Adam Lambert - 984 Words

Adam Lambert says, â€Å"Being different is always going to be a tough climb.† What do the stories from the Pixar people tell us about what it is like to be a kid and be on that â€Å"tough climb?† Pixar people is trying to tell us that being different is okay and if you stay true, strong, and loyal to yourself and you will create happiness and self esteem within yourself. They explained how being gay and coming out was extremely difficult but no matter how hard things may seem things will get better if you start thinking about the future and not just the things that are happening now. Everyone in life goes through some type of struggles in life and there is always someone in the world that is experiencing the same things that you are What can we do to help the kids who are â€Å"different,† for whatever reason? How can we help them feel less alone? We can talk to them and tell them that being different is what makes them who they are. I would also explain to the m that being strong and realizing that not everyone in the world accepts people who are different but then there are those who do. That is why they must befriend people who are similar to them and accepts them for who they are. Because changing themselves for the sake of others will not contribute to their happiness. I think that letting kids know that are loved and that you there for them when things are difficult in life gives them the feeling of support. And this is what a child needs in order to stay strong and think positive.Show MoreRelatedMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pagesback in 1976, was 147 pages and included such long-forgotten cases as Korvette, W. T. Grant, Edsel, Corfam, Gilbert, and the Midi. In this eleventh edition, seven cases from the tenth edition have been dropped, and seven added, several of these being modified from earlier editions. Other cases have been updated, and in some instances reclassified. Two exciting new entrepreneurial cases, Google and Starbucks, are introduced, and the entire Entrepreneurial Adventures moved to the front of the bookRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pagespatterns of employee recruiting, development, and training. In addition, product and services launches increasingly require more effective development initiatives. Rapidly increasing numbers of new offerings—from Web-oriented modules to credit cards—are being commoditized in months or even weeks instead of the periods of years on which companies had counted for cash flow. Increasingly demanding consumer and industrial buyers are basing their purchasing decisions on the quality of products and services,Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesPersonality? 147 Point/Counterpoint Millennials Are More Narcissistic 155 Questions for Review 156 Experiential Exercise What Organizational Culture Do You Prefer? 156 Ethical Dilemma Freedom or Lack of Commitment? 156 Case Incident 1 Is There a Price for Being Too Nice? 157 Case Incident 2 Leadership from an Introvert’s Perspective 158 6 Perception and Individual Decision Making What Is Perception? 166 Factors That Influence Perception 167 165 Person Perception: Making Judgments About OthersRead MoreCase Studies67624 Words   |  271 Pagesobserving, listening and persuading—while preparing for a case discussion. 2 Cases require students to relate analysis and action, to develop realistic and concrete actions despite the complexity and partial knowledge characterising the situation being studied. 3 Students must confront the intractability of reality—complete with absence of needed information, an imbalance between needs and available resources, and conflicts among competing objectives. 4 Students develop a general managerial pointRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesIntroduction to Agile Project Management 582 18. Project Management Career Paths 602 APPENDIX One Solutions to Selected Exercises 611 Two Computer Project Exercises 625 8. Scheduling Resources and Costs 9. Reducing Project Duration 10. Leadership: Being an Effective Project Manager 338 11. Managing Project Teams 374 418 12. Outsourcing: Managing Interorganizational Relations GLOSSARY 642 ACRONYMS 651 PROJECT MANAGEMENT EQUATIONS 652 INDEX 653 xii Contents Preface vii Chapter 1 Modern ProjectRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagesplanning the use of these cases within programmes, care needs to be taken to balance the time taken on such strategic analysis so as to allow the time required to analyse the main issues for which the case has been chosen. Where the text and cases are being used as the framework for a strategy programme (as we hope they will), it is essential that students are required to undertake additional reading from other sources and that their ‘practical’ work is supplemented by other material as mentioned above